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As suggested by its Greek origin (holos "whole", and kaustos "burnt") the word designates an offering entirely consumed by fire, in use among the Jews and some pagan nations of antiquity. As employed in the Vulgate, it corresponds to two Hebrew terms: (1) to holah, literally: "that which goes up", either to the altar to be sacrificed, or to heaven in the sacrificial flame; (2) Kalil, literally: "entire", "perfect", which, as a sacrificial term, is usually a descriptive synonym of holah, and denotes an offering consumed wholly on the altar. At whatever time and by whomsoever offered, holocausts were naturally regarded as the highest, because the most complete, outward expression of man's reverence to God. It is, indeed, true that certain passages of the prophets of Israel have been construed by modern critics into an utter rejection of the offering of sacrifices, the holocausts included; but this position is the outcome of a partial view of the evidence, of the misconception of an attack on abuses as an attack on the institution which they had infected. For details concerning this point, and for a discussion of the place which the same scholars assign to the holah (holocaust) in their theory of the development of the sacrificial system among the Hebrews, see SACRIFICE. The following is a concise statement of the Mosaic Law as contained chiefly in what critics commonly call the Priests' Code, concerning whole burnt-offerings.
Victims for holocausts
Only animals could be offered in holocaust; for human victims, which were sacrificed by the Chanaanites and by other peoples, were positively excluded from the legitimate worship of Yahweh (cf. Leviticus 18:21; 20:2-5; Deuteronomy 12:31; etc.). In general, the victims had to be taken either from the herd (young bullocks) or from the flock (sheep or goats); and, to be acceptable, the animal was required to be a male, as the more valuable, and without blemish, as only then worthy of God (Leviticus 1:2, 3, 5, 10; 22:17 sqq.). In certain cases, however, birds (only turtle-doves or young pigeons) were offered in holocaust (Leviticus 1:14; etc.); these birds were usually allowed to the poor as a substitute for the larger and more expensive animals (Leviticus 5:7; 12:8; 14:22), and were even directly prescribed in some cases of ceremonial uncleanness (Leviticus 15:14, 15, 29, 30). Game and fishes, which were sacrificed in some pagan worships of Western Asia, were not objects of sacrifice in the Mosaic Law.
Ritual of holocausts
The principle rites to be carried out in the offering of holocausts, were (1) on the part of the offerer, that he should bring the animal to the door of the tabernacle, impose his hands on its head, slay it to the north of the altar, flay and cut up its carcass, and wash its entrails and legs; (2) on the part of the priest, that he should receive the blood of the victim, sprinkle it about the altar, and burn the offering. In the case of an offering of birds, it was the priest who killed the victims and flung aside as unsuitable their crop and feathers (Leviticus 1). In public sacrifices, it was also the priest's duty to slay the victims, being assisted on occasions by the Levites. The inspection of the entrails, which played a most important part in the sacrifices of several ancient people, notably of the Phoenicians, had no place in the Mosaic ritual.
Classes of holocausts
Among the Hebrews, holocausts were of two general kinds, according as their offering was prescribed by the Law or the result of private vow or devotion. The obligatory holocausts were (1) the daily burnt-offering of a lamb; this holocaust was made twice a day (at the third and ninth hour), and accompanied by a cereal oblation and a libation of wine (Exodus 29:38-42; Numbers 28:3-8); (2) the sabbath burnt-offering, which included the double amount of all the elements of the ordinary daily holocaust (Numbers 28:9, 10); (3) the festal burnt-offering, celebrated at the New Moon, the Pasch, on the Feast of Trumpets, the day of Atonement, and the Feast of Tabernacles, on which occasions the number of the victims and the quantity of the other offerings were considerably increased; (4) the holocausts prescribed for the consecration of a priest (Exodus 29:15 sqq.; Leviticus 8:18; 9:12), at the purification of women (Leviticus 12:6-8), at the cleansing of lepers (Leviticus 14:19, 20), at the purgation of ceremonial uncleanness (Leviticus 15:15, 30), and finally in connection with the Nazarite vow (Numbers 6:11, 16). In the voluntary burnt-offerings the number of the victims was left to the liberality or to the wealth of the offerer (cf. 1 Kings 3:4; 1 Chronicles 29:21, etc., for very large voluntary holocausts), and the victims might be supplied by the Gentiles, a permission of which Augustus actually availed himself, according to Philo (Legatio ad Caium, xl).
Chief purposes of holocausts
The following are the principal purposes of the whole burnt-offerings prescribed by the Mosaic Law: (1) By the total surrender and destruction of victims valuable, pure, innocent, and most nearly connected with man, holocausts vividly recalled to the Hebrews of old the supreme dominion of God over His creatures, and suggested to them the sentiments of inner purity and entire self-surrender to the Divine Majesty, without which even those most excellent sacrifices could not be of any account before the Almighty Beholder of the secrets of the heart. (2) In offering holocausts with the proper dispositions worshippers could feel assured of acceptance with God, Who then looked upon the victims as a means of atonement for their sins (Leviticus 1:4), as a well-pleasing sacrifice on their behalf (Leviticus 1:3, 9), and as a cleansing from whatever defilement might have prevented them from appearing worthily before Him (Leviticus 14:20). (3) The holocausts of the Old Law foreshadowed the great and perfect sacrifice which Jesus, the High Priest of the New Law and the true Lamb of God, was to offer in fulfillment of all the bloody sacrifices of the first covenant (Hebrews 9:12, sqq.; etc.).
Chapter 1
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The LORD called Moses, and from the meeting tent gave him this message:
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1 "Speak to the Israelites and tell them: When any one of you wishes to bring an animal offering to the LORD, such an offering must be from the herd or from the flock.
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2 "If his holocaust offering is from the herd, it must be a male without blemish. To find favor with the LORD, he shall bring it to the entrance of the meeting tent
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and there lay his hand on the head of the holocaust, so that it may be acceptable to make atonement for him.
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He shall then slaughter the bull before the LORD, but Aaron's sons, the priests, shall offer up its blood by splashing it on the sides of the altar which is at the entrance of the meeting tent.
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Then he shall skin the holocaust and cut it up into pieces.
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After Aaron's sons, the priests, have put some burning embers on the altar and laid some wood on them,
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they shall lay the pieces of meat, together with the head and the suet, on top of the wood and embers on the altar.
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The inner organs and the shanks, however, the offerer shall first wash with water. The priest shall then burn the whole offering on the altar as a holocaust, a sweet-smelling oblation to the LORD.
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"If his holocaust offering is from the flock, that is, a sheep or a goat, he must bring a male without blemish.
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This he shall slaughter before the LORD at the north side of the altar. Then Aaron's sons, the priests, shall splash its blood on the sides of the altar.
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When the offerer has cut it up into pieces, the priest shall lay these, together with the head and suet, on top of the wood and the fire on the altar.
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The inner organs and the shanks, however, the offerer shall first wash with water. The priest shall offer them up and then burn the whole offering on the altar as a holocaust, a sweet-smelling oblation to the LORD.
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"If he offers a bird as a holocaust to the LORD, he shall choose a turtledove or a pigeon as his offering.
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Having brought it to the altar where it is to be burned, the priest shall snap its head loose and squeeze out its blood against the side of the altar.
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Its crop and feathers shall be removed and thrown on the ash heap at the east side of the altar.
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Then, having split the bird down the middle without separating the halves, the priest shall burn it on the altar, over the wood on the fire, as a holocaust, a sweet-smelling oblation to the LORD.
Chapter 2
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"When anyone wishes to bring a cereal offering to the LORD, his offering must consist of fine flour. He shall pour oil on it and put frankincense over it.
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1 When he has brought it to Aaron's sons, the priests, one of them shall take a handful of this fine flour and oil, together with all the frankincense, and this he shall burn on the altar as a token offering, a sweet-smelling oblation to the LORD.
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The rest of the cereal offering belongs to Aaron and his sons. It is a most sacred oblation to the LORD.
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"When the cereal offering you present is baked in an oven, it must be in the form of unleavened cakes made of fine flour mixed with oil, or of unleavened wafers spread with oil.
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If you present a cereal offering that is fried on a griddle, it must be of fine flour mixed with oil and unleavened.
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Such a cereal offering must be broken into pieces, and oil must be poured over it.
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If you present a cereal offering that is prepared in a pot, it must be of fine flour, deep-fried in oil.
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A cereal offering that is made in any of these ways you shall bring to the LORD, offering it to the priest, who shall take it to the altar.
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Its token offering the priest shall then lift from the cereal offering and burn on the altar as a sweet-smelling oblation to the LORD.
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The rest of the cereal offering belongs to Aaron and his sons. It is a most sacred oblation to the LORD.
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"Every cereal offering that you present to the LORD shall be unleavened, for you shall not burn any leaven or honey as an oblation to the LORD.
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Such you may indeed present to the LORD in the offering of first fruits, but they are not to be placed on the altar for a pleasing odor.
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2 However, every cereal offering that you present to the LORD shall be seasoned with salt. Do not let the salt of the covenant of your God be lacking from your cereal offering. On every offering you shall offer salt.
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"If you present a cereal offering of first fruits to the LORD, you shall offer it in the form of fresh grits of new ears of grain, roasted by fire.
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On this cereal offering you shall put oil and frankincense.
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For its token offering the priest shall then burn some of the grits and oil, together with all the frankincense, as an oblation to the LORD.
Chapter 3
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1 "If someone in presenting a peace offering makes his offering from the herd, he may offer before the LORD either a male or a female animal, but it must be without blemish.
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He shall lay his hand on the head of his offering, and then slaughter it at the entrance of the meeting tent; but Aaron's sons, the priests, shall splash its blood on the sides of the altar.
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From the peace offering he shall offer as an oblation to the LORD the fatty membrane over the inner organs, and all the fat that adheres to them,
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2 as well as the two kidneys, with the fat on them near the loins, and the lobe of the liver, which he shall sever above the kidneys.
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All this Aaron's sons shall then burn on the altar with the holocaust, on the wood over the fire, as a sweet-smelling oblation to the LORD.
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"If the peace offering he presents to the LORD is from the flock, he may offer either a male or a female animal, but it must be without blemish.
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If he presents a lamb as his offering, he shall bring it before the LORD,
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and after laying his hand on the head of his offering, he shall slaughter it before the meeting tent; but Aaron's sons shall splash its blood on the sides of the altar.
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3 As an oblation to the LORD he shall present the fat of the peace offering: the whole fatty tail, which he must sever close to the spine, the fatty membrane over the inner organs, and all the fat that adheres to them,
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as well as the two kidneys, with the fat on them near the loins, and the lobe of the liver, which he must sever above the kidneys.
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All this the priest shall burn on the altar as the food of the LORD'S oblation.
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"If he presents a goat, he shall bring it before the LORD,
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and after laying his hand on its head, he shall slaughter it before the meeting tent; but Aaron's sons shall splash its blood on the sides of the altar.
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From it he shall offer as an oblation to the LORD the fatty membrane over the inner organs, and all the fat that adheres to them,
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as well as the two kidneys, with the fat on them near the loins, and the lobe of the liver, which he must sever above the kidneys.
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All this the priest shall burn on the altar as the food of the sweet-smelling oblation. All the fat belongs to the LORD.
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4 This shall be a perpetual ordinance for your descendants wherever they may dwell. You shall not partake of any fat or any blood."
1 [1] Peace offering: thus the ancient versions have rendered the Hebrew word, which perhaps means more exactly, "fulfillment sacrifice," offered up in fulfillment of a vow. Cf ⇒ Proverb 7:14. Its characteristic feature was the sacred banquet at which the offerer and his guests partook of the meat of the sacrificed animal. Cf ⇒ Lev 7:11-21.
4 [17] Any fat: only the fat mentioned in ⇒ Lev 3:9-10, ⇒ 14-15 is meant; other fat could be eaten by the Israelites.
Chapter 4
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The LORD said to Moses,
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1 "Tell the Israelites: When a person inadvertently commits a sin against some command of the LORD by doing one of the forbidden things,
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2 if it is the anointed priest who thus sins and thereby makes the people also become guilty, he shall present to the LORD a young, unblemished bull as a sin offering for the sin he committed.
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Bringing the bullock to the entrance of the meeting tent, before the LORD, he shall lay his hand on its head and slaughter it before the LORD.
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The anointed priest shall then take some of the bullock's blood and bring it into the meeting tent,
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where, dipping his finger in the blood, he shall sprinkle it seven times before the LORD, toward the veil of the sanctuary.
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The priest shall also put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of fragrant incense which is before the LORD in the meeting tent. The rest of the bullock's blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of holocausts which is at the entrance of the meeting tent.
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From the sin-offering bullock he shall remove all the fat: the fatty membrane over the inner organs, and all the fat that adheres to them,
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as well as the two kidneys, with the fat on them near the loins, and the lobe of the liver, which he must sever above the kidneys.
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This is the same as is removed from the ox of the peace offering; and the priest shall burn it on the altar of holocausts.
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The hide of the bullock and all its flesh, with its head, legs, inner organs and offal,
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in short, the whole bullock, shall be brought outside the camp to a clean place where the ashes are deposited and there be burned up in a wood fire. At the place of the ash heap, there it must be burned.
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"If the whole community of Israel inadvertently and without even being aware of it does something that the LORD has forbidden and thus makes itself guilty,
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should it later on become known that the sin was committed, the community shall present a young bull as a sin offering. They shall bring it before the meeting tent,
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and here, before the LORD, the elders of the community shall lay their hands on the bullock's head. When the bullock has been slaughtered before the LORD,
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the anointed priest shall bring some of its blood into the meeting tent,
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and dipping his finger in the blood, he shall sprinkle it seven times before the LORD, toward the veil.
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He shall also put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of fragrant incense which is before the LORD in the meeting tent. The rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of holocausts which is at the entrance of the meeting tent.
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All of its fat he shall take from it and burn on the altar,
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doing with this bullock just as he did with the other sin-offering bullock. Thus the priest shall make atonement for them, and they will be forgiven.
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This bullock must also be brought outside the camp and burned, just as has been prescribed for the other one. This is the sin offering for the community.
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"Should a prince commit a sin inadvertently by doing one of the things which are forbidden by some commandment of the LORD, his God, and thus become guilty,
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if later on he learns of the sin he committed, he shall bring as his offering an unblemished male goat.
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Having laid his hands on its head, he shall slaughter the goat as a sin offering before the LORD, in the place where the holocausts are slaughtered.
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The priest shall then take some of the blood of the sin offering on his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of holocausts. The rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of this altar.
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All of the fat he shall burn on the altar like the fat of the peace offering. Thus the priest shall make atonement for the prince's sin, and it will be forgiven.
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"If a private person commits a sin inadvertently by doing one of the things which are forbidden by the commandments of the LORD, and thus becomes guilty,
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should he later on learn of the sin he committed, he shall bring an unblemished she-goat as the offering for his sin.
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Having laid his hand on the head of the sin offering, he shall slaughter it at the place of the holocausts.
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The priest shall then take some of its blood on his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of holocausts. The rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
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All the fat shall be removed, just as the fat is removed from the peace offering, and the priest shall burn it on the altar for an odor pleasing to the LORD. Thus the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
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"If, however, for his sin offering he presents a lamb, he shall bring an unblemished female.
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Having laid his hand on its head, he shall slaughter this sin offering in the place where the holocausts are slaughtered.
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The priest shall then take some of the blood of the sin offering on his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of holocausts. The rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
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All the fat shall be removed, just as the fat is removed from the peace-offering lamb, and the priest shall burn it on the altar with the other oblations of the LORD. Thus the priest shall make atonement for the man's sin, and it will be forgiven.
1 [2] A sin: not necessarily a moral fault; included are all the cases of ritual uncleanness which people necessarily incurred in certain unavoidable circumstances.
2 [3] The anointed priest: his violation of the ceremonial law brought a sort of collective guilt on all the people whom he represented before God. Sin offering: more exactly, "sacrifice for remitting sin"; sin is here understood as explained above.
Titans Cronus And Rhea and offspring son Zeus
A Creator of Universes
Priests
ACETR444 son of Creator ACETR444 and of Chaos Gaia Eros
Ouranos Oceanos Cronus Rhea Hades Poseidon Zeus Hera Cupid dwarf moon
god Athena dwarf moon goddess and
of the Highests Creators and Creatoresses Gods and Goddesses
Multiverses Universes Milky Way Galaxy Earth Moon
Sun Creator God Zeus YHWH Creator of All Galzu Anthropos Pistis Sophia
IaldabaothYHWH Sabaoth Allah
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